超声波清洗机的核心工作原理，可以用一个词来概括：空化效应。这不是什么玄乎的概念，而是一种实实在在的物理现象。

The core working principle of ultrasonic cleaning machine can be summarized in one word: cavitation effect. This is not a mysterious concept, but a tangible physical phenomenon.

当超声波发生器产生高频高压电信号，通过电缆传导给换能器后，换能器将电能转换为同频率的机械振动。这种振动通过清洗槽壁辐射到清洗液中，使液体中的微气泡在声波作用下快速形成、迅速膨胀并猛烈闭合（破灭）。气泡破灭的瞬间，在局部产生强大的冲击波，温度可达数千摄氏度，压力可达数百个大气压。正是这种瞬间的冲击力，将工件表面的污垢层剥离、分散、乳化、脱落。

When the ultrasonic generator generates high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signals, which are transmitted to the transducer through cables, the transducer converts the electrical energy into mechanical vibrations of the same frequency. This vibration radiates into the cleaning solution through the cleaning tank wall, causing microbubbles in the liquid to quickly form, rapidly expand, and violently close (burst) under the action of sound waves. At the moment when the bubble bursts, a powerful shock wave is generated locally, with temperatures reaching thousands of degrees Celsius and pressures reaching hundreds of atmospheres. It is this instantaneous impact force that peels off, disperses, emulsifies, and detaches the dirt layer on the surface of the workpiece.

空化效应并非一次性作用。气泡破灭后，新的气泡继续形成、膨胀、破灭，周而复始。这种反复作用产生的物理力，能渗透到污垢层与基材之间的间隙和空隙中，像剥皮一样一层层剥离污垢。这就是所谓的“空化二次效应”。

The cavitation effect is not a one-time effect. After the bubble bursts, new bubbles continue to form, expand, and burst, repeating the cycle. The physical force generated by this repeated action can penetrate into the gaps and voids between the dirt layer and the substrate, peeling off the dirt layer by layer like peeling. This is the so-called 'cavitation secondary effect'.

除了空化效应，超声波清洗还依赖另外两种作用力。加速度作用使清洗液中的微小颗粒获得出色的加速度，对工件表面产生持续撞击。直进流作用则使清洗液在声场中形成宏观流动，不断将新鲜清洗液带到工件表面，同时将剥离的污垢带走。

In addition to cavitation effect, ultrasonic cleaning also relies on two other forces. The acceleration effect causes tiny particles in the cleaning solution to obtain extremely high acceleration, resulting in continuous impact on the surface of the workpiece. The direct flow effect causes the cleaning solution to form a macroscopic flow in the acoustic field, continuously bringing fresh cleaning solution to the surface of the workpiece while carrying away the peeled dirt.

从设备构成来看，超声波清洗机主要由三大部分组成。超声波发生器是“大脑”，负责产生高频高压电信号。换能器是“心脏”，将电能转换为机械振动。清洗槽是“工作台”，承载清洗液和工件。三者缺一不可。

From the perspective of equipment composition, ultrasonic cleaning machines are mainly composed of three main parts. The ultrasonic generator is the 'brain' responsible for generating high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signals. The transducer is the 'heart' that converts electrical energy into mechanical vibration. The cleaning tank is a "workbench" that carries cleaning solution and workpieces. All three are indispensable.

频率选择是超声波清洗的关键技术参数。工业超声波清洗频率通常分为低频、中频和高频三种。低频（20-40kHz）空化效应强、冲击力大，适合清除顽固污渍和较大颗粒。中频（40-80kHz）兼顾清洗强度与精细度，应用非常广。高频（80-130kHz及以上）空化泡数量呈线性增加，冲击波更密集，能进入更小的缝隙，但单个气泡的冲击力较小，适合精密元件的清洗。

Frequency selection is a key technical parameter for ultrasonic cleaning. The frequency of industrial ultrasonic cleaning is usually divided into three types: low frequency, medium frequency, and high frequency. Low frequency (20-40kHz) cavitation effect is strong and has a large impact force, suitable for removing stubborn stains and larger particles. Intermediate frequency (40-80kHz) balances cleaning intensity and precision, making it the most widely used. The number of high-frequency (80-130kHz and above) cavitation bubbles increases linearly, and the shock wave becomes denser, allowing it to enter smaller gaps. However, the impact force of a single bubble is relatively small, making it suitable for cleaning precision components.

功率密度是另一个关键指标。功率密度越高，空化效果越强，清洗效果越好。但对于精密工件或表面光洁度要求出色的产品，过高的功率密度可能造成表面损伤，需要谨慎选择。

Power density is another key indicator. The higher the power density, the stronger the cavitation effect and the better the cleaning effect. However, for precision workpieces or products with extremely high surface finish requirements, excessive power density may cause surface damage and requires careful selection.

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